Hysteroscopy is a minimally invasive procedure used to examine and treat problems within the uterus. It involves the insertion of a hysteroscope—a thin, lighted tube equipped with a camera—through the vagina and cervix into the uterine cavity. This allows the physician to directly visualize the inside of the uterus on a monitor, facilitating both diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
Diagnostic Hysteroscopy:
Diagnostic hysteroscopy is performed to investigate symptoms such as abnormal uterine bleeding, recurrent miscarriages, or infertility. It helps identify conditions like uterine polyps, fibroids, adhesions (Asherman’s syndrome), congenital uterine anomalies, and endometrial hyperplasia. The procedure can also be used to confirm results from other imaging tests, such as ultrasounds or hysterosalpingograms (HSG).
Operative Hysteroscopy:
Operative hysteroscopy involves performing surgical procedures within the uterus using specialized instruments passed through the hysteroscope. It is used to remove polyps, fibroids, or adhesions; correct congenital uterine anomalies like a septate uterus; and perform endometrial ablation for heavy menstrual bleeding. This approach allows for precise treatment while minimizing trauma to surrounding tissues.
Procedure:
Hysteroscopy is typically an outpatient procedure that can be performed under local, regional, or general anesthesia, depending on the complexity of the case. During the procedure, the cervix is gently dilated, and the hysteroscope is inserted into the uterus. Saline solution or carbon dioxide gas is used to expand the uterine cavity, improving visibility. The physician can then examine the uterine lining and perform necessary treatments.
Benefits and Risks:
The advantages of hysteroscopy include its minimally invasive nature, which results in shorter recovery times, reduced pain, and minimal scarring compared to traditional surgery. Most patients can resume normal activities within a day or two.
However, like any medical procedure, hysteroscopy carries some risks, including infection, bleeding, and, in rare cases, injury to the uterus or nearby organs. Complications are uncommon, and the procedure is generally considered safe and effective.
In summary, hysteroscopy is a valuable tool in gynecological practice, offering both diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities. Its minimally invasive nature, combined with its precision in treating various uterine conditions, makes it a preferred method for managing many gynecological issues.